We Must Put an End to Police Brutality Essay -- Black Lives Matter

If you wish for peace, prepare for war. This Roman proverb can be applied to police they mustiness be trained for the worst possible misfortune only if they should try hard to avoid using their training in real experiences. Most police departments and policemans would believe strongly in this proverb, unless thither are a few examples in the U.S. in which the officeholders use of force has been excessive and unnecessary where they used their training to harm rather than cheer and inflict the law. During their service, police are given several authorities to exercise the law and make sure that the law is carried out among citizens. This can lead to an officer having a sense of entitlement and a possibility of them losing respect for their boundaries. Such a case is called police brutality and even though police officers are responsible for enforcing the law, they hold up breached these laws and taken advantage of their position such violations of human rights must be elim inated.Lt. Col. David Grossman compares innocent people to sheep and officers and soldiers to people who have a compassion for citizens but in any case a capacity for violence. The sheep generally do not like the sheepdog. He looks a lot like the wolf. He has fangs and the capacity for violence. The difference, though, is that sheepdog must not, cannot and give not ever harm the sheep. Any sheepdog who intentionally harms the lowliest little lamb will be punished and removed.(139) Officers can be compared to the sheepdogs since to the highest degree citizens hold outt enjoy a cops presence and are fearful of police however citizens need their presence to protect them from harm. besides when an officer does harm a citizen he must face the consequences like the sheepdog since they violated the basic rig... .... Controlling natural law (Excessive) Force The American Case. international ledger Of Human Sciences 10.2 (2013) 285-303. Academic Search Complete. Web. 29 Mar. 2014.L ewis, Neil. Police savageness under Wide Review by Justice Dept.. New York Times 14 Mar. 2010 1. Print.No Applause, Please. National Review 32.12 (1980) 703. Points of View Reference Center. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.Shielded from Justice Overview. Shielded from Justice Overview. Web. 30 Mar. 2014. .Walter, Andrew. Police Brutality An Overview. Points Of View Police Brutality (2013) 1. Points of View Reference Center. Web. 27 Mar. 2014.What Is Police Brutality? Depends on Where You Live. NBC News. Web. 27 Mar. 2014. . We Must Put an End to Police Brutality Essay -- bleak Lives MatterIf you wish for peace, prepare for war. This Roman proverb can be applied to police they must be trained for the worst possible incident but they should try hard to avoid using their training in real experiences. Most police departments and officers would believe strongly in this proverb, however there are a few examples in the U.S. in which the officers use of force has been excessive and unn ecessary where they used their training to harm rather than protect and enforce the law. During their service, police are given several authorities to exercise the law and make sure that the law is carried out among citizens. This can lead to an officer having a sense of entitlement and a possibility of them losing respect for their boundaries. Such a case is called police brutality and even though police officers are responsible for enforcing the law, they have breached these laws and taken advantage of their position such violations of human rights must be eliminated.Lt. Col. David Grossman compares innocent people to sheep and officers and soldiers to people who have a compassion for citizens but also a capacity for violence. The sheep generally do not like the sheepdog. He looks a lot like the wolf. He has fangs and the capacity for violence. The difference, though, is that sheepdog must not, cannot and will not ever harm the sheep. Any sheepdog who intentionally harms the low liest little lamb will be punished and removed.(139) Officers can be compared to the sheepdogs since most citizens dont enjoy a cops presence and are fearful of police however citizens need their presence to protect them from harm. But when an officer does harm a citizen he must face the consequences like the sheepdog since they violated the basic rig... .... Controlling Police (Excessive) Force The American Case. International Journal Of Human Sciences 10.2 (2013) 285-303. Academic Search Complete. Web. 29 Mar. 2014.Lewis, Neil. Police Brutality under Wide Review by Justice Dept.. New York Times 14 Mar. 2010 1. Print.No Applause, Please. National Review 32.12 (1980) 703. Points of View Reference Center. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.Shielded from Justice Overview. Shielded from Justice Overview. Web. 30 Mar. 2014. .Walter, Andrew. Police Brutality An Overview. Points Of View Police Brutality (2013) 1. Points of View Reference Center. Web. 27 Mar. 2014.What Is Police Brutality? Depends on Whe re You Live. NBC News. Web. 27 Mar. 2014. .

Defining State Sovereignty Essay example -- Government, Treaties of Os

DEFINING STATE SOVEREIGNTYState sovereignty is a broad conceptit is actuall(a)y a two-in-one concept nominate and sovereignty. In regularize to get a proper meaning of the concept I depart therefore break it up and define each concept separately. I will start by defining state which in simple language means a community of people living together in a confined territory with an internally and externally recognized institution to protect them. Sovereignty on its part can be defined as externally recognized right and freedom of a state (the unit of analysis of sovereignty) to conduct its affairs. Sovereignty provides the state with territorial integrity and enables it to enjoy recognition in the international politics. If we now join the two concepts we can define state sovereignty as the freedom of state to make decisions within its defined geographical boundaries.Internally, state sovereignty entails the distribution of power within the state while externally is about the states role within the international nine and to whether or not it is able to operate as an independent and autonomous actor (Heywood 2004, pp90).SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CONCEPTThe significance of state sovereignty lies in its social organization it combines two very key concepts of IR state and sovereignty key actors in international relations. State sovereignty also involves obligation and authority - the states obligation to its citizenry (and same actors) as well as its power (authority) to make decision within its defined geographical boundaries.Above all it is a fundamental part of contemporary politics and the international law, according to Westphalian concept. It is a concept which provides order, stability and predictability in International Relations (I... ...r even when no state desires it. The classic example of that is the WWI. Similarly, Irans nuclear programme which has stirred up heated debates and objections from super powers, the US in particular, is also both a matte r of global security which liberalism is firm about and the realists concept of power balance.Realists would on one hand support Irans move saying as a sovereign state it has the right to develop nuclear weapons and that the move would actually be healthy for the country. On the other they would see it as a costly and dangerous move that might end up triggering nuclear race (Dunne, Kurki, Smith 2010, 63).CONCLUSIONAs I said earlier in this essay, both theories have direct engagement with state sovereignty and whatever evolves around the concept can be explained (using the theories) from different perspectives. =====================

Mexico and the Quest for Economic Improvement :: Free Essays Online

Mexico and the Quest for Economic Improvement Karl Marx once stated, A commodity appears at first sight, a very trivial thing and advantageously understood. Its analysis shows that it is in reality, a very queer thing, abounding in metaphysical subtleties and theological niceties. Ironically, Marx would have never anticipated the conflict everyplace queer space that I am going to detail. The commodification of Aguascalientes, Mexico has been nonetheless a very queer thing indeed. The space in Aguascalientes has been torn apart by competing ideals surrounding sexuality and gay and lesbian identity, yet both sides in this competition have a common interest selling a special commoditynamely, the space of AguascalientesIn September 2000, Mr. Jorge Alvarez Medina, the Director of Regulations of Aguascalientes, in the Mexican state of Aguascalientes, publicly announced his opposition to gays, lesbians, and transgender people. He stated that he go out not allow this type of people acce ss to any public facility or allow them to work in the public sector. Medina also claimed that Aguascalientes demand to portray a cleaner image to the public. Many LGBT and human rights organizations claim this act to be prejudiced, corrupt, and violent. The order made by Medina is also a threat to Article 7 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states, All are jibe before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection before the law. This is only one of the many events that have occurred in Aguascalientes pertaining to gay, lesbian and transgender relations, where, according to some estimates, there are more than 12,200 gays (more than 10% of general population). By analyzing these statements made by Medina, many questions arise. If Medina is tying to portray a cleaner image in the city of Aguascalientes, for whom is this image? Curiously the Mexonline website gives Aguascalientes a diametrical reputation, contradicting Medinas biased pro posal. The Mexonline website gives its audience the impression that Aguascalientes has a very accepting and diverse society. The website states, Aguascalientes is well positioned to mull full-steam ahead into the 21st century. We are well cognisant that our future rests on our export capacity. World business leaders, who have already located in the state, share our vision and, together with our local business community, our bustling labor force, and our imaginative policy makers, have joined hands and laid the foundation for a prosperous and happy society in this, the state of couthie people.

Kafkas The Trial :: Kafka Trial Essays

Kafkas The Trial   Kafkas The Trial follows a man, K., as he is arrested and released for an unknown offense and attends a serial of bizarre trials. He tries to comprehend and extricate himself from an outrageous course of events, which transpire suddenly in his life. K. is persecuted by this unimaginable court, which seems to hold a quasi-authoritative place in society. K.s life seems to spiral out of control while he and the reader struggle to understand what is going on. Kafka uses this piece to criticize bureaucracy, even in a seemingly democratic society. Kafka believes that bureaucracy is endangering the freedoms of the individual in modern society and that it is extremely detrimental to society in the long run. It is not readily recognizable what geographical location Kafka is referring to in The Trial. Based on the rest of the novels bizarre twists and turns it seems that Kafka did not want to nail down any concrete location to weight down his surrealist story. While there is no link with any known location (other than perhaps Kafkas hometown of Prague) the surroundings are modern and urban. In The Trial, K spends most of his time in various buildings with very little mention of any identifying characteristics. Kafka seems to center around middle class urbanites for the most part. Kafka tackles the evils of government and bureaucracy, concentrating on the mixer implications of these man made authorities on the individual.   Reification seems to serve a pervasive role in Kafkas The Trial. Reification is when something abstract is given material worthy by a society It seems that Kafka is questioning how the legal system has been given so much authority and power making it a material entity. In 1912, when Kafka penned The Trial, the rise of the republic was evident around Europe. There was a renewed emphasis on realism and rationale, which also makes an appearance in The Trial. When published, Kafkas novels evoked t he despondency of individuals confronting a relentless, machinelike society in which they are minor cogs. As the threat of war swirled in Europe (World War I was just on the horizon), anti Semitism and nationalism surrounded Kafka. In the arts, the rise of modernity created a challenge to positivism that could not be silenced.

Investigation Into Osmosis :: Papers

Investigation Into Osmosis Aim === The aim of this experiment is to compare the exchange of aggregative of potatoes when they are in a Starch and water solution. The reason the mass would changes is due to osmosis. Introduction ============ IMAGE Osmosis is the process of water passing from a section of high concentration of water, through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration. Osmosis occurs when there is more water on one berth of the cell than the other. In the example to the right the small blue particles represent water. There are more of the small blue particles on the left-hand side of meat so the number of water molecules on each side would even out until the water cells are in equilibrium. The experiment we are doing is to see how frequently of the water has diffused and how much mass the potato lost or gained. Variables ========= I chose to investigate the mass of potato and volume of solution lost or gained when potato is put in water/ saccharose solution. The variables I didnt change were Start volume of solution Start mass of potato Surface bailiwick of potato Amount of sunlight Length of time Type of potato Temperature The variables that I changed were Concentration of sucrose/ water solution. Preliminary work ================ We did a earlier experiment to check that the measurements and amount time would give us clear enough results. Method ====== We took three test tubes with 10ml solution in each. One with 0M sucrose One with 0.5M sucrose and the other with 1M sucrose, a test tube rack, three bungs and three pieces of potato. We weighed the three pieces of potato and cut them down to make them the same mass to make it a fair test. Then we made the water/ sucrose solution using these measurements

Investigation Into Osmosis :: Papers

Investigation Into Osmosis Aim === The aim of this experiment is to compare the change of mass of potatoes when they are in a Starch and wet solution. The reason the mass would changes is due to osmosis. Introduction ============ IMAGE Osmosis is the process of water passing from a region of high concentration of water, through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration. Osmosis occurs when there is more water on one look of the cell than the other. In the example to the right the small luscious particles represent water. There are more of the small blue particles on the left-hand side so the number of water molecules on each side would even out until the water cells are in equilibrium. The experiment we are doing is to see how much of the water has diffused and how much mass the potato bewildered or gained. Variables ========= I chose to investigate the mass of potato and volume of solution lost or gained when po tato is put in water/ sucrose solution. The variables I didnt change were Start volume of solution Start mass of potato Surface area of potato Amount of sunlight Length of time flake of potato Temperature The variables that I changed were Concentration of sucrose/ water solution. Preliminary work ================ We did a preliminary experiment to check that the measurements and amount time would give us clear enough results. Method ====== We took three test metros with 10ml solution in each. One with 0M sucrose One with 0.5M sucrose and the other with 1M sucrose, a test tube rack, three bungs and three pieces of potato. We weighed the three pieces of potato and cut them down to make them the same mass to make it a fair test. Then we made the water/ sucrose solution using these measurements

Give a life to your friend, it’s free!

Give a life to your friend, its free BY wersl 23 Comp atomic number 18 and Contrast Lion and Tiger Lions and tigers are the top two ferocious animals in the big cat family. The king of beasts is known as the index of beast and the tiger is known as the emperor of beast. Both lions and tigers take a leak many things in common and at the same time they have a number of differences. Lions and tigers belong to the mammalian group and Felidae family. Lions lives in prides and tigers lives alone. They have no predators of their own and reside at the top of their food chain.This undertake is going to talk about the physical characteristics, diet, habitat and geographical distribution, reproduction and cross breed. The physical characteristics of a lion is male lion is highly characteristic and is easily recognized by its mane. Lion coloration varies from light buff to yellowish or reddish of the body. The underparts are generally lighter and the tail tuft is black. The color of the ma ne varies from blond to black. The lion is a carnivore and a hunter. Its legs are short with very powerful muscles. Male lions are 20 to 35% large than the females and 50% heavier.Each lion has, what are called, whisker spots The pattern formed by this top row of whiskers differs in every lion and body the same throughout its lifetime. Lions are the second-largest in the cat family (the tiger is the largest). Physical characteristics of a tiger highly distinctive and is easily recognized by its stripes. Tigers are tawny brown in color with dark stripes and whitish. Tigers have rusty-reddish to brown-rusty coats, a fair (whitish) medial and entral area and stripes that vary from brown or hay to pure black.The pattern of stripes is unique to each animal, and thus could potentially be used to identify individuals, much in the same track as fingerprints are used to identify people. This is not, however, a preferred method of identification, due to the difficulty of recording the stri pe pattern of a wild tiger. the usage of stripes is camouflage, serving to hide these animals from their prey. Tigers have round pupils and yellow irises. Tigers are the heaviest cats found in the wild.The diet for both the lion and the tiger are large-hearted of the same, but they eat different animals because they are not from the same place. Both lion and tiger eats about 15. 4 lbs. of meat per day. A normal diet for a lion will include zebra, giraffe, buffalo, wildebeest, gazelles and impala. Lions are opportunistic and will readily scavenge the kills of cheetahs, leopards, wild dogs and hyenas. A main prey species for a tiger is are deer, buffalo and wild pigs, but they will also hunt fish, monkeys, birds, reptiles and sometimes even baby elephants.Occasionally, tigers kill leopards, bears and other tigers. Both lion and tiger are both meat-loving big cats. Habitat of a lion and a tiger are both different, because they are both from different limit of the world. Lion lives in Rich grasslands of East Africa to sands of Kalahari Desert, South Sahara to South Africa, excluding the Congo rain forest. They avoid dense forests because prey is scarce. Fun fact in the wild, lions live for approximately 12-18 years, while in captivity they can live over 24 years. Fun fact

Review of Chinatown

Polanskis Chinat give is a classic of 1970s cinema, as it tells a description of murder, due to greed and the political issue of the drought in California. Jack Nicholson, who superbly plays the character of Jack Gittes, is a detective who investigates matters considering adultery. A woman by the name of Evelyn Mulwray insists that her husband is having an affair, asking for Mr. Gittes to find out the truth, although it is not until later on when the photos of Mr. Gittes and a lady have been released into the media that he realises the lady was an imposter.Evelyn Mulwray who is played by the renowned, Faye Dunaway, plays a character that is mentally unstable, although portrays herself as being strong and powerful. Jack Gittes becomes infatuated with the mystery of the murder and the water project, in which he begins to see holes in the lies being fed to him as he searches for answers. As he and widowed Evelyn grow closer, so does the truth and a resolution. Through this Polanski kee ps his viewers on their seats, as they watch this thriller, as they along with Jack Gittes try to piece together the truth.Polanski portrays the aura of the era with sophistication, weaving music and a great choice of settings to progress to the viewer a feel of the time and culture. The clothing, the cars, the constant habit of smoking gives a picture of Los Angeles, California in the 1940s and how it has evidently changed to todays culture and society. Throughout the movie the viewer is able to grasp numerous issues that are still apparent today, particularly corruption and greed and the way in which peoples decisions are influenced by them.The role and status of women is pointed at throughout the film, with Mrs. Evelyn Mulwray acting as a figure of feminism, in freely having personal business and taking the reins when it was required of her. Her turning point in the film shows her strength as a woman, even though being raped by your own father would be mentally disturbing in ev ery nature. In this scene the viewer is represented with the ideas of cunning men in a patricentric society and how this was abused. Noah Cross Katherine I, Im your grandfather, my dear. Im your grandfather.

Srs for Bank Management

EXPERIMENT NO 2 AIM To document Software Requirement Specification for move Academy. THEORY 1) Introduction 1. 1) Purpose This document gives detailed functional and non-functional requirements for Dance Academy. The purpose of this document is that the requirements mentioned in it should be utilized by software developer to machine the system. 1. 2) Scope This system anyows the bank employee to maintain a record of all the nodes who have accountancy in the bank.With the help of this system, the employee should be in a point to search the records of a particular customer, provide him detailed account information and delete and update the customer information as and when required. 1. 3) Overview This system provides an easy dissolver to the bank employee to maintain customer as well as employee records and maintaining a record of all the transactions that take place. 2) General Description This Bank way System replaces the conventional, traditional file and record based syste m with the help of which a lot of paper stimulate will be reduced.Thus the manual work of maintaining files which are subjected to physical wear and tear so-and-so be avoided. The employee must be able to view all the information of customers such as name, account number, date of birth, gender, address, initial balance. Also it must be able to record different transactions such as withdrawal, deposit or transfer of monetary resource from one account to another. The employee can also add new staff members to the system providing them direct access to the database and thus enabling them to provide services to the users.The employee can also potpourri his password to follow security constraints. 3) Functional Requirements 3. 1) Description The identity of each customer is verified and only thence changes are do to the records each customer. After proper verification, the bank employee can bring proper changes to the database as per the requirements of the user. Also the system mai ntains an employee database thus keeping a record of all the members of bank as well as keeping the records of the transactions which take place daily. 3. 2) Technical issues The system should be enforced in .NET. 4) port Requirements 4. 1) graphical user interface GUI 1 The first form provides login page for the employee. GUI 2 After successful login, there are different actions that can be performed i. e. change password, sign-out, add customer, delete customer, add details, view details etc. GUI 3 For adding customers, all the required information is taken and the submit button is selected for do corresponding changes into the database. GUI 4 Once the changes are made into the database, on clicking the view details icon, the details of the customer can be obtained.GUI 5 and 6 The details of the customer can be updated with the help of form 5. A particular customer can be removed with the help of delete customer option. GUI 7,8 and 9 These forms record the different transactions such as withdrawal, deposit, transfer. 4. 2) Hardware Interface Hardware Interface 1 The system should be plant in each PC of the bank and in all of its branches. 4. 3) Software Interface Software Interface 1 Bank Management System. Software Interface 2 The staff and employee database should maintain necessary records. ) Performance Requirements The system should work concurrently on multiple computers during the working hours of bank. The system should support 50 users. 6) innovation Constraints The system should be designed in 2 months. 7) Other Non Functional Attributes a) Security Each employee is provided with a user ID and password to log into the system. Only then he can manipulate the database. b) Availability The system should be available during bank working hours. c) Maintainability There should be a facility to add or delete customers as and when required. ) Reusability The same system must be used in every financial year. 8) Operational Scenarios There will be an emp loyee database and customer database. The employee database contains personal information of all the employees. The customer database contains personal as well as account related information. 9) Preliminary Schedule The system has to be implemented in 2 months. CONCLUSION Thus we have documented Software Requirement Specification for Bank Management System (BMS).

Ethics in Ir Essay

Introduction when mentation about how the adult male works IR scholars usu bothy subscribe to one of two dominant theories, realism or liberalism. One, Greco-Roman/neo-realist thought, is more pessimistic about the prospects of cessation, cooperation, and human progress whilst the other, liberalism/ idealism, is more upbeat and sanguine about human nature and human possibilities. In this take to task, we examine apiece(prenominal) macrocosm intellection in depth at the end Id like you to think about which, if any, view you subscribe to II. International Relations Theory A. What is theory? One word often used to describe theory is paradigm.According to Ray and Kaarbo, a paradigm is simply a way of thinking about and approaching an area of scientific or scholarly inquiry that is widely accepted within a particular discipline. 1. In other words, a paradigm provides a simplified map of reality it takes the complexity of the real world and reduces it to a core set of assumptions that dispatch planetary events that copm so isolated, unrelated and complex more comprehensible. 2. So thats what theory and paradigms are all about they help us systematize and simplify a very complicated world. Good theory is generally simple ( leave Ockhams RazorWilliam of Ockham said a long time ago that when you have two competing theories that make exactly the homogeneous predictions, the simpler one is the offend. ), accurate, and elegant. -William of Ockham 3. Note that to be valuable, a paradigm of world administration neednt explain either event. This is b/c theory, by nature, simplifies reality so that certain things are missed. This simply cant be helped. 4. Ray and Kaarbo (p4) make the point that studying theories allows students of external relations to analyze global politics in the future, long after they finish reading this book or taking courses on the subject.When students learn only history or contemporary issues their companionship of global politics i s limited in time because new issues and events are always arising. In short, by studying theories of IR, you will be able to see events in a broader, more analytical, more systematic framework rather than a limited and time bound one analytically, thats vital. 5. In this lecture we will be examining two dominant paradigms in world politics Realism and Liberalism (along with sub-theories within the same larger paradigm) III. The Realist Worldview A.Lets start with a quote from Thomas Hobbes (1651), whom many characterize as probably the major citidel of the modern theory we call spotless realism -The stylish Mr. Hobbes Cover of his originative work, Leviathan Hereby it is manifest that during the time men live without a common force play to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called warfare and such a war as is of all(prenominal) man against every man To this war of every man against every man, this also is consequent that nil can be unjust.The notion of right and wrong, justice and injustice, have there no indue. Where there is no common power, there is no law where no law, no injustice. Force and fraud are in war the two cardinal virtues. 1. You should note from the above that realism embraces a more pessimistic view of world politics, domain relations, and the possibility of perpetual peace Thats why I started with this b/c Hobbes more pessimistic view of the world rightfully underscores the theory we call classical realism (and which is now called structural/neo realism) B.Definitions and Description of Realist Theory. 1. According to professors Kegley & Wittkopf (31), classical realism is a paradigm establish on the premise that world politics is essentially and unchangeably a struggle among self-interested rural areas for power and position under anarchy, with each competing acres pursuing its aver national interests 2. Ray and Kaarbo (p4) write that realism is a theoretical perspective for understanding intl. re lations that emphasizes states as the most important actor in global politics, the anarchical nature of the intl. ystem, and the pursuit of power to secure states interests. 3. The founding father of this theory is the Greek historian Thucydides, who wrote the seminal account of the war between capital of Greece and Sparta. In his history of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides vies that the war broke out b/c Athens was concerned about Spartas growing power. His writings greatly influenced theorists and statemen alike through the next two thousand years, including the modern proponents (Morgenthau, Kissinger, Waltz, James et al) of classical and neo-realism 4.In short and in sum, realists see international relations as driven by the unrelenting and competitive pursuit of power by states in the effort to secure state interests. 5. For realists, the most important source of power is military capability, and the acquisition and use of that military capability makes the realists world on e prone to violence and warfare. 6. At the core of this theory is that world politics takes place within a context of anarchy (ie the absence of world govt. which is different than how the world of domestic politics functions), which Thomas Hobbes likens to a state of nature.In this state of nature, Hobbes argues that because there are no rules, no laws, no enforcement mechanisms etc, that conflict turns into war (he calls it a perpetual war of all against all) which is why INSIDE countries, mountain consent (ie the so-called social charter) to live under a government that makes and enforces laws, order, security, etc. In this state, people dont have absolute immunity BUT they sacrifice some liberty to that govt. in order to get order and security 7. In world politics, we dont have this, ergo, realists argue that we live in a state of nature, or in a world of perpetual conflict.Therefore, the violence, chaos, death and destruction that often accompany world politics reflect the wa r of all against all that intl. anarchy directly implies 8. Realists also assume that states, or countries, are the key actors and determine what happens in the world (Ray and Kaarbo 5). Ray and Kaarbo (p. 5) add that states can, if they choose, control all other actors, according to realism. 9. State interests, rather than human rights or ideological preferences, are the reason behind every state action. Ray and Kaarbo (p. 5) advert that it is the maximization of power that is in a states interest.Thus, everything a state does can be explained by its entrust to maintain, safeguard, or increase its power in relation to other states. 10. In the world of anarchy and state sovereignty, there is no higher authority to chit-chat order, and there is no intl. 911 number for states to call when their interests are threatened. States must therefore provide for their profess defense and protection. Realists refer to this effort by states to defend their own interests as SELF-HELP (usual ly though the acquisition of military capacity or joining alliances ) 11. In short and in sum, without an intl. orld authority, they must look out for their own interests which realists suggest is all about securing and maintaining their power. To realists, this is the only rational way to behave in an anarchic intl. realm 12. The implications of all of the above for realists is somewhat obvious war is necessary this is b/c in a world with no higher power to impose order and resolve disputes, with almost 200 sovereign actors looking to defend their interests via self-help, and where efforts at self-help and self-defense can threaten other actors in the system, states sometimes need to use force to resolve disputes with other states 3. Realists conclude a few other thingsthe possibility of cooperation and change is limited, that world politics is not primarily about nice and satanic, that power trumps justice, and that the road to order lies through the remainder of power a. Ray a nd Kaarbo site Saddam Husseins invasion of Kuwait as an example of how states act to maximize their power above all else C. The core of classical realist theory is best summarized in the form of 10 assumptions 1.People are by nature narrowly selfish and ethically flawed 2. Of all peoples evil ways, none are more prevalent or dangerous than their instinctive lust for power and their desire to drop others 3. The possibility of eradicating these instincts is a utopian pipedream 4. International politics is a struggle for power, a war of all against all 5. The primary objective of every statethe goal to which all other objectives should be subordinated tois to promote its NATIONAL INTERESTS 6.The anarchical nature of the intl system dictates that states acquire sufficient military capabilities to deter attack by potential enemies and to exercise influence over others 7. Economics is less relevant to ntl security than is military might 8. Allies might increase a states ability to defen d itself, but their loyalty and reliability should never be assumed 9. States should NEVER entrust the task of self-protection to intl security organizations or intl law 10. If all states seek to maximize power, stability will result by maintaining a balance of powerIV. The Liberal Worldview A. As in classical realist theory, I will start the discussion of liberalism with a quote from one of the founders of this paradigm, Immanuel Kant (1795) -The perspicacious Dr. Kant -Kants towering Toward Perpetual Peace But the homage which each state pays (at least in words) to the concept of law proves that there is slumbering in man an even greater moral disposition to become master of the evil principle in himself (which he cannot disclaim) and to hope for the same from othersFor these reasons there must be a league of a particular kind, which can be called a league of peace (foedus pacificum), and which would be distinguished from a treaty of peace (pactum pacis) by the fact that the lat ter terminates only one war, while the former seeks to make an end of all wars forever. 1. You should note from the above that liberalism, or idealist theory, embraces a more optimistic view of world politics, state relations, and the possibility of perpetual peace Thats why I started with this quote by Kants more optimistic view of the world. B.Definitions and Description of Liberal Theory 1. According to Kegley & Wittkopf (2006 28), liberalism is a paradigm predicated on the hope that the application of reason and universal ethics to international relations can lead to a more orderly, just, and cooperative world, and that international anarchy lack of a hierarchy/world government and war can be policed by institutional reforms that empower international organizations and laws 2. Ray and Kaarbo (p. 7) define intl. liberalism as a theorectical perspective emphasizing interdependence between states and substate actors as the key haracteristic of the intl. system. 3. Liberalism, or what many also call idealism/idealist theory, can be traced keep going to Kants Toward Perpetual Peace though more recently, in the period b/n WWI and WWII, the major intellectual challenger to the realist paradigm was idealism. Idealists questioned many of the staple fiber tenets of realism and suggested that it would be possible to transform the world of power seeking and war into one in which peace and cooperation among states might prevail 4.Idealism, in blood to realism, suggests a well-intentioned but utopian perspective that realists believe was out of touch with how the real world actually works which is why the word idealism was shelved for the world liberalism, which couldnt be tarred as fuzzy headed and out of touch 5. Unlike realists, liberals believe that significant global cooperation is possible and that we can move beyond the power politics at the heart of the realist paradigm. 6. For liberals, the key assumption is that peace and cooperation among states can p roduce absolute gains for all.As long as your state is better off as a result of cooperating with others, the gains of others should not matter realists are only concerned with relative gains (why intl. trade isnt the end all be all for classical realists, esp. if you will empower a rival) 7. BTW, whilst Kant argued that the natural state of humankind is one of war and conflict he also importantly suggested a state of peace can be established. He argues that this perpetual peace can be established, esp. through the (1) the creation of a loose federation of bleak states whose members were committed to maintaining intl. rder and security, (2) the spirit of commerce which in Kants view is incompatible with war and which sooner or later gains the upper hand in every state, and (3) the creation of republican govts in which executive power is checked by an independent legislature 8. Liberals argue that realist explanations of anarchy and self-help are wrong b/c they miss the REAL nature of world politics in the modern world COMPLEX INTERDEPENDENCE, which has become the dominant feature of global politics (Ray and Kaarbo 9). a.Complex interdependence means that there are multiple channels among a variety of actors in intl. politics. b. Where realists see states as the only important actors, liberals see a world where there are a variety of non-state actors (such as multi-national corporations, intergovernmental organizations, and governmental organizations), share the world stage with countries. c. They also argue that multiple issues, not just military security, are vital to the global agenda C. Modern Liberalism based on the following set of assumptions 1. Human nature is essentially good 2.

Micro Econ

Describe the efficient market hypothesis and give a piece of evidence consistent with this theory. Markets ope appraise expeditiously when resources are fully employed and output is produced at lowest possible costs at quantities that correspond to rational consumer behavior. Market efficiency involves both copious and bothocative efficiency.Productive efficiency is concerned with cadence of goods and run produced. It is achieved when it is impossible to increase output of one type of product without reducing the output of another product i.e. all resources are fully employed and the economy is operating on its production possibility curve. Allocative efficiency is achieved when the resources are allocated in the right proportions to produce different goods and services to give a product mix that reflects consumers preferences. (Grant, 2003)The term efficient as used by economists simply means, If charge and quantity take anything other than their chemical equilibrium taxs, a transaction that will make at least some people better gain without harming others can always be found.(Frank and Bernanke, 2001) This is known as Pareto efficiency, named after the Italian economist, Vilfredo Pareto. It is a state whereby there is no way of making one party in a market better off without making the other party worse off. It is achieved when productive and allocative efficiency interacts.An efficient transaction creates an economic surplus. If a product sells below the market equilibrium bell, it is not efficient.2. The cleaning service firm Clean All plc increased its workers wages by 4% and it experienced an increase in its profits. How can this have happened?increase wages boosts workers productivity. Workers are also tempted to work for longer hours which also increase productivity. This results in high profits and labor turnover is also significantly lowered. still though wages are higher, the firm may not have significantly higher labor costs per unit of o utput.An employers reservation price for a worker is the most the employer could pay without suffering a decline in profit. In a perfectly competitive labor market, this price is the value of workers marginal product (VMP).A workers marginal product is the extra output the firm gets as a result of hiring that worker. apprise marginal product is the net contribution the worker makes to the employers revenue i.e. result of multiplying the workers marginal product by the net price for which each unit of product sells.By reason of the law of diminishing returns, we know that the marginal product of labor, hence VMP, declines in the short run as the quantity of labor rises.The individual employers demand curve for labor, in this case Clean All plc may be shown as downward sloping ladder of wage rate. The supply curve of labor for any particular occupation is upward sloping.3) Does on increase in saving lead to a higher standard of living? Why? Might a politician prefer not to try to in troduce resources increase at the rate of saving?Yes, savings lead to higher standard of living. Savings are that part of current income that is not spent on current needs .Higher rates of saving today leads to faster accumulation of wealth and the wealthier an economic unit is (e.g. household or nation) the higher its standard of living in the future.Savings are mostly employed in financial investments e.g. government bonds or shares of stock in a corporation. These pay returns in form of interest payments, dividends or capital gains High returns are preferable of course because the higher the return the faster ones savings grow.The rate of return most relevant is savings decision is the real interest rate i.e. the rate at which the real purchasing power of a financial asset increases over time .it is the market nominal interest rate minus the ostentation rate. The real interest rate is relevant to savers because it is reward for savings. Empirical evidence suggests that higher real interest rates lead to increases in savings (Frank and Benanke, 2001).Politicians move to benefit e.g. by gaining political mileage when the economy is favorable, thus they tend to exert a strong bias toward expansionary policy. What prevents politicians from implementing the expansionary policies is inflation at least to fear of generating on acceleration inflation. Inflation is a continuous rise in price level measured with price indexes. If money supply rises the price level will also rise. Inflation does not promote a favorable political environment.ReferencesBernanke, B. and Frank, R. (2001) Principles of Economics .New York McGraw-HillColander, D.C (2001) Economics, New York McGraw Hill Companies.Eaton, B., Diane F. and Douglas W. (2002) Microeconomics.5th Edition New York,Prentice HallMankiw, N. (2000) Principles of Microeconomics. London, South-Western PubPrentice Ha Grant, S. J. (2003) Stan Lakes Introduction Economics, 7th Edition. HarlowPearsons Education ltdRuffin, R. and Paul R. (2000) Principles of Microeconomics. New York, AddisonWesley

“In Training” By Helen Lawson Essay

Helen Lawson uses a number of sound and picture devices in the poem In Training. How do they help us to enhance her description of the swimmer and the river?We have all seen a swimmer racing at all sports competition before, In Training, by Helen Lawson brings back the thoughts in our storehouse but moves the background shot to a calm, smooth river in the morning. The poem uses a series of sound and picture devices to help us imagine the swimmer powering by dint of the weewee. Lawson explains the swimmers movements and uses extensive comparisons to help produce detailed pictures in the readers mind.Similes are a comparison between devil people, places or things. This helps to create a picture in the readers mind of what the poet is portraying. There are a number of similes in the poem,leaves/ that hang wish well a veil, refer to a series of branches drooping over the river to resemble a veil. Like a velvet glove, describes the river gently plication over her as she dives int o the cool water of the river. velvet glove, pictures the water grasping onto her as she streamlines underwater. These similes help to describe the image of the swimmer by relating to identical objects.Metaphors are used potently in this poem to stumble a more direct comparison. These metaphors help in describing the swimmer and her surrounding with more detail. everyplace the glass ribbon portrays the rivers water to look clear and glassy like in appearance. Then she is an engine describes the swimmer powering through the water. that like an engine, as she swims through the water her body moves in a repetitive and rhythmic way. Also, for an engine to function all the parts need to scarper together. The swimmer uses her legs and arms together to swim strongly. The metaphors used are very useful to help picture the swimmer in ones mind.Personification is used to make an object seem human like, even though it is non living, Lawson uses personification to give the impression of h uman feelings and movements. Dawn Whispers describes the sounds of the morning leaves and trees rustling in the light and frail wind. The river/ gently enfolds her reflects on the river closing in and filling the empty spaces around the swimmer as she dives into the water. Mornings secrets,describes happenings that only happen in the morning, few of the mornings hidden secrets that can only be seen in the early hours of the day. Personification is an effective form of describing movements and action of non living things, Lawson uses personification very well in this poem.Onomatopoeia is a sound device used in poems to give the impression of sound and effects. Stirring the leaves gives the impression of leaves rustling in the wind. Another example of onomatopoeia is bursts through the surface, this sentence gives the sound of a big rush of water as she surfaces. explosion of action and sound, portrays water been splashed up by the powerful body movements. The swimmer and the water s movements and sounds are clearly shown in the text and can be visualized easily.In Training is effective at portraying the swimmers burning desire to win. The poem helps us to feel the swimmers want to succeed by starting slowly, complimenting the calm setting of the story, but then building up to large and powerful words. This follows the pace of the swimmer. The swimmer starts slowly, but by the end is powering through the water, splashing up droplets of water that catch the sunshine. I can greatly reflect on this poem, times in the past I had the same passion, but also currently in my life, I have the same burning desire to win and succeed.References In Training, Helen Lawson (Poem)- Helen Lawson An Analysis, Unknown Author (2005)

Existential Lit Final Paper Essay

Part I 1. In Thomas Nagels The Absurd (1971), he begins by addressing the ensample disceptations for declaring vivification to be ill-considered. The starting line arguwork forcet he points out is the bringing c drop off together that nonhing va permit doing in the present will theme in the distant future, or as Nagel verbalises, in a trillion years (Nagel 716). People believe that what they do now wont matter at both in a million years, and that they be moreover singleness per countersign living in the now that will soon be g iodin and will and so not matter and sell int matter. Humans see this not mattering as a causa why disembodied spirit is nonsensical, since if no matter matters then the point of spirit is questioned.The punt standard argument Nagel looks at is the creative thinker that military man be tiny specks in the infinite vastness of the universe (Nagel 717). This mood focuses around space and time, and how individual humans creations o nly live for an extremely short amount of time in a tremendously vast universe. People see this as a reason why life is absurd, looking for at their lives as much(prenominal) short increments of time, especi altogethery on the large scale of the universe. Since universe be so gauzy and take up such little time with their lives, this is seen as a reason life is absurd.The third argument Nagel looks at is somewhat not universe able to on the noseifying all of lifes activities, since humans could die at any moment and will planetually. People go through with(predicate) sequences in life, one thing leading to the next, to accomplish something each step of the way, and in that respectfore it is justified. However, eventually, life must end, and the chain of sequences will be cut off in the midst of one of the activities, and therefore will end without exculpation. All of it is an elaborate journey leading to nowhere (Nagel 717). These be the three standard arguments for ex plaining why life is absurd that Nagel discusses.Nagel, however, disagrees with these arguments and recalls each invalid for specific reasons. When looking at the idea that nothing humans do now will matter in a million years, Nagel objects this with the actualization that it doesnt matter now whether or not what we do now in a million years will matter or not. Whether what humans do now will matter in a million years or not is not important, because either way it wouldnt change how people feel now.If their mattering now is not enough to accomplish that, how would it help if they mattered a million years from now? (Nagel 716). If now doesnt matter in the future, than the future must not matter now, and therefore this explanation of why life is absurd is invalid. The second idea, focusing on life world absurd because of how small and short lived humans lives ar, is contradicted by Nagels idea that if humans were big presents in the universe theyre lives would still be just as ab surd and that if humans lived for longer, or forever, there lives would just be absurd for that much longer, or even infinitely absurd.This thought of humans as living for such a short amount of time and being so tiny in the universe is clearly not what makes life absurd, even if life is absurd. These items, if anything, would make humans lives more absurd, if they were large presents in the universe or lived forever then the absurd would be even larger or last for eternity. Therefore, this is not a valid argument in saying that life is absurd.Looking at the third argument, which focuses on death preventing the justification of human lives and its many sequences, Nagel shows that this idea is really false as life does not consist of these sequences that all view as purposes and continuous justification. Chains of justification strike repeatedly to an end within life, and whether the process as a whole abide be justified has no bearing on the finality of these end-points (Nagel 717). more things we do in our daily lives are already reasonable and do not need further justification, such as victorious aspirin for a headache, Nagel points out.However, even if someone wanted to further justify any of lifes activities, this further justification would similarly have to end somewhere, as all things must. If nothing can justify unless it is justified in terms of something outside itself, which is in addition justified, then an infinite regress results, and no chain of justification can be complete (Nagel 717). All reasoning must end at some point and must be accepted as it is instead of looking at it as incomplete, because if it is looked at as incomplete then reasoning is insurmountable.With Nagels profound contradictions to these three arguments, he shows that these are not valid reasons to say that life is absurd. 2. Though Nagel discards the standard arguments for stating that life is absurd, he nonetheless says that life can be seen as absurd, just for different reasons than the previous ones discussed. He states that life is absurd because of the impinge on surrounded by humans tendency to take their lives so seriously and the expertness of humans to doubt these things which they take so seriously or view them as arbitrary.Humans take their lives seriously, as seen through the idea that many things are necessities for living and that humans actions, such as making choices, are very important. However, humans also are capable of seeing things outside of their lives, which then creates doubt about the things that are taken so seriously. This idea that humans cannot live their live without this sincerity, yet can have a point of view outside of their lives that makes this sincerity doubtful, is why life is absurd.It is absurd because we overlook the doubts that we know cannot be settled, continuing to live with nearing undiminished seriousness in spite of them (Nagel 719). There is a hit among what people think is hap in life and what is very happening, and because humans are able to have a point of view outside of their own life, they can see what is truly happening and therefore become doubtful of what they think is happening. However, they save on with what they think is happening, or with this seriousness of life, even with the doubts from seeing what is truly happening.These two viewpoints, one within our own lives and one outside our lives, are both un revokeable yet clash with one another, and this, according to Nagel, is why life is absurd. Nagel states that humans take their lives seriously whether they live in a serious manor or not, and regardless of what their primary concerns in life are. Human life is full of effort, plans, calculation, supremacy and failure we pursue our lives, with varying degrees of sloth and energy (Nagel 719).Humans can reflect, make choices, question things, and decide what to peruse and what to avoid and who they want to be or become. This alone is signified, besides when it clashes with humans ability to think outside themselves and stick to this seriousness, it creates absurdity. Yet humans have the special capacity to step back and survey themselves, and the lives to which they are committed, with that detached amazement which comes from watching an ant struggle up a head of sand (Nagel 720).This ability to step back creates these doubts and questions about this seriousness life is taken with, doubts and questions about things that seem so sure before stepping back. Nagel explains We step back to find that the whole system of justification and criticism, which controls our choices and supports our claims to rationality, rests on retort and habits that we never question, that we should not know how to defend without circularity, and to which we shall continue to adhere even after they are called into question (Nagel 720).According to Nagel, life is absurd not because humans are capable of this stepping back and reflecting on the ser iousness of life, but because they then continue with their lives and taking them so serious even after doubts about the seriousness have been identified. 3. Nagel focuses on the idea that humans live absurd lives because of their self-consciousness, and therefore their ability to see themselves as humans and create this clash in the midst of seriousness and reality. With this, it can be said that immortal, all-knowing and self-aware, also lives an absurd life.The mouse Nagel refers to cannot have an absurd life because he is not self-aware, so he does not know he is a mouse and does not have the ability to reflect on this and create doubts about it. God, however, knows he is God and therefore has the ability to step back and have doubts. Being self-aware means that you doubt, and that every justification is doubted. This means that God, self-aware, doubts justifications, just the like humans, and has an absurd life with the clash between these. When Nagel describes how the mouse s life would be if he was self-aware, he says, he would have to return to his meagre yet frantic life, full of doubts that he was ineffective to answer, but also full of purposes that he was unable to abandon (Nagel 725). This sentence is applicable to Gods life being absurd, as God has a life full of doubts without answers due to his self-consciousness, but also has great purposes that he is unable to abandon, since he is the higher power that humans rely on. Also, like humans, God cannot refuse this consciousness, because to refuse it would mean he is aware of it, and it therefore he would already be self-aware.Since God cannot escape this self-consciousness, he is trapped, like humans, in this clash between his self-awareness and the seriousness that is taken with it and the doubt that comes with self-awareness where he reflects and doubts all justifications. This makes Gods life absurd, just like humans lives, as he too experiences the clash between self and reality. 4. Nagel s tresses that absurdity is one of the most significant things that makes humans humans, and that it is essentially incurable. With this idea in mind, it can be seen that religious belief cannot cure the feeling of absurdity, and unearthly people live absurd lives just as all humans do.Humans lives are absurd because they have life goals and strive for things, which is the aspect of taking life seriously, but they also can step back and reflect on things and this causes doubts, which happens regardless of religion. What makes doubt inescapable with regard to the limited aims of individual life also makes it inescapable with regard to any larger purpose that encourages the sense that life is pithful (Nagel 721). Believing in something larger does not allow escaping to occur, as it can be doubted in the same way that individual life can be.People use a higher being for comfort and to march on their lives meaning and justification, however, as pointed out before, justifications end a nd humans no longer look any further. Moreover, phantasmal people still have the humanistic qualities that all humans do that eventually lead to verbalism and doubt. Another way of portraying religious peoples life as absurd just as nonreligious lives is to look at the idea of being self-conscious leading to absurdity and that this is a natural part of being human.The only way to avoid the relevant self-consciousness would be either never to attain it or to forget itneither of which can be achieved by the will (Nagel 725). Religion does not change this unavoidable self-consciousness, and therefore life it still absurd with religion. The idea of religion is to provide meaning to life, however, if all humans are prone to this essential doubt, than this meaning will be doubted in the same way that life without meaning is doubted, or may even be doubted even more and therefore this creates a more significant contradiction, and may mean that religion makes life even more absurd.The ga p between seriousness and reality is even larger in a life with religion because life is taken more serious, as there is this idea of more meaning, but still has the contradiction with reflection and doubt, hence a life with religion abets absurdity. Nagels main focus about religion is that it does not cure the feelings of absurdity because, regardless of being religious or not, humans cannot avoid this inevitable doubt of their seriousness, and therefore creating this clash which makes life absurd. There does not appear to be any conceivable humanity (containing us) about which unsettlable doubts could not arise (Nagel 722).Nagels idea about veneer this absurdity is, rather than believing in something higher that prepares life a certain meaning that does nothing but encourage absurdity, view life as ironic. He says to approach our absurd lives with irony instead of heroism or hopelessness (Nagel 727). Heroism, as seen in religion, means to value life too much, whereas despair, seen in the depressed or suicidal, means to not value life enough or at all. However, to look at the absurdity of life with irony allows humans to live this contradicting life, aware of this contradiction, but continue to live it without denial, torment, or resentment.In Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot (1953), this concept of absurdity seen from continuing seriousness even after doubting it is portrayed. Vladimir and estragon have chosen enslavement to an authoritative figure, Godot, and though they have yet to see Godot or even get confirmation that he will eventually come, they still continue to wait for him. This is the same idea that religion brings to humans, as they can live their lives without signs from God or true meaning from religion, yet they still believe because it gives them a sense of purpose.However, this creates absurdity because, for religious people, they also doubt all of this purpose and meaning they are hold for, and for Vladimir and Estragon, they doubt Go dot will ever come. Towards the end of the play, it is clear that Vladimir has doubt about Godot and has a realization that he has been waiting for a long time and will continue to wait, possibly for eternity. He has this realization and doubt about his seriousness for waiting, yet continues to wait. This clash is what makes Vladimir and Estragons lives absurd, and is the same clash that is seen in religious lives as well.5. According to Nagel, atheistic existentialists, such as Sartre and Camus, dwell on and blame the fact that God doesnt exist as the reason life is absurd. They believe that without God, our lives lack the meaning which they demand, and without this meaning our lives are meaningless, and therefore absurd. However, Nagel has already pointed out that this is not why life is absurd and that whether our lives have meaning or not does not change this clash between the seriousness which we take our lives and the reality that causes us to doubt the seriousness that is th e true creator of absurdity.These atheistic existentialists view absurdity of humans lives as a problem, as something that needs a solution or to be fixed. Camus advice on dealing with this problem of absurdity is defiance. Nagel looks at Camus proposal, and says, We can salvage our dignity, he appears to believe, by shaking a fist at the world which is deaf to our please, and continuing to live in spite of it (Nagel 726). This, of course, will not rid our lives of absurdity, as this is not possible as long as we are self-aware and able to reflect, but Camus believes it will give humans at least a more fulfilled life.Nagel disagrees with these ideas, and says that the absurdity of human lives isnt even a problem at all. He falls back on his idea that absurdity is one of the most significant things that makes us human, and humans lives are only absurd because they posses the ability of a kind of insight that other species do not. If a sense of the absurd is a way of perceiving our tr ue authority (even though the situation is not absurd until the perception arises) then what reason can we have to resent or escape it? (Nagel, 727). Nagel says that it is important that humans are aware of this absurdity, yet do not try to avoid it as it is not possible to do such a thing and one will only dwell on this attempt their entire life. Instead, as mentioned before, Nagel suggests the only way going about absurdity is to approach it with irony. It is important to not let this absurdity become torturous, but is also crucial to not allow it to force an avoidance or attempt to surpass the absurdity.The acknowledgment of the clash between seriousness and reality is important in acceptance and living life in between heroism and despair. If humans can look at their absurd lives with irony, the absurdity will be acknowledged, but will not effect their lives as to cause anything actually problematic from happening. Nagel also states that this absurdity is important because it ex poses our human limitations and allows humans to understand these, so there is no reason to try to escape this. Nagels argument helps make sense of these atheistic existentialists works.For example, in Camus The singular (1942), the ending is very clear because Camus didnt believe in the idea of approaching absurdity with irony, so he did not end his book like this, and instead ended it with Maurseult approaching the absurdity with the dramatic feeling that Nagel discourages. Maurseult is unable to find irony in his absurd life, and blames Gods non macrocosm for his unfitness to justify honorables. It is clear that this happens because these are Camus beliefs, and Nagel portrays these as making a problem out of absurdity that shouldnt be a problem at all.Jean-Paul Sartre, also an atheistic existentialist according to Nagel, falls back on the idea that existence proceeds essence, and in that way humans achieve absolute freedom. However, this idea is contradicted by Nagel when he sa ys that humans are born into absurdity and there is no escaping it, as it would have to have been never attained or forgotten, which is impossible to do if its part of humans from the start.Nagels ideas about absurdity, such that it is unavoidable yet not necessarily a problem, contradict these atheistic existentialists ideas, and he ends with he belief that contrary to what these existentialists say, humans must approach their absurd lives with irony, because if nothing matters, than it wouldnt matter to do anything other than this. Part II a. Existentialism Is a Humanism, by Jean-Paul Sartre (1946), focuses on freedom as the bases of morality. Sartre defends existential philosophy as being a moral philosophy by contradicting arguments against this idea with his own thoughts.The root idea that Sartre rejects is that which claims existentialism allows people to dwell in the quietism of despair (Sartre 1). In his argument against this he focuses on the concept that existence procee ds essence, where humans first exist before anything else, such as defining themselves. Man simply is. Not that he is simply what he conceives himself to be, but he is what he wills, and as he conceives himself after already existingas he wills to be after that leap towards existence (Sartre 2). This is what Sartre refers to as the first principle of existentialism.The next idea Sartre argues against is that existentialism is a pessimistic view, however, he says that existentialism actually reflects severe optimism. He gives the example of the way an existentialist looks at a coward and sees him as personally responsible for being a coward, as something he chooses and commits to, which is an optimist way of looking at such a thing. Sartre then looks at the idea of subjectivity, which is argued as a negative aspect of existentialism as it is seen as living a solitude and therefore selfish or egotistical life, and conveys two meanings for subjectivism.One meaning he points out is the freedom of an individual, and the other meaning refers to man unable to further himself beyond human subjectivity. This is a further look at existence proceeding essence, as it shows that humans do not choose being human but they do choose their actions after becoming humans, and by choosing for ones self, one chooses for all humans. This shows, therefore, that existentialists view humans as not individuals whom are selfish, but rather that their actions speak for all humans. The last argument Sartre rejects is that existentialism denies reality and the seriousness of humanity.However, according to Sartre, existentialism is humanist when looking at a fundamental definition of the word. Man is all the time outside of himself it is in projecting and losing himself beyond himself that he makes man to exist and, on the other hand, it is by pursuing transcendent aims that he himself is able to exist (Sartre 13). Existentialists believe that there is no human action that doesnt have an e xplanation, and if an action has an explanation it is human. These ideas portray Sartes position that existentialism is a moral philosophy and that it is a humanism.However, his ideas are not enough to make this statement. He focuses deeply on the idea of freedom and that because humans are free as seen by existentialists, existentialism is a moral philosophy. For existentialism to be completely moral, however, it would have to compliment Sartes idea of freedom with other values, such as charity, kindness, and serving our debt instrument to the world and others, as this is what is truly moral and humanitarian. Complimenting freedom with something else though would take some freedom away and therefore his idea of the moral system being based on freedom is invalid.One example Sartre provides to express this idea of freedom being the basis for existentialism, and the reason it is moral, is about a man facing a moral predicament. He must choose between either staying with his mother, whom has been abandoned by everyone else in her life and only has this one son left, or leaving her, alone and empty, to go join the Free French Forces. He looks at this as a moral dilemma, however, this is not a moral dilemma because both choices are good. A moral dilemma is one where an individual is faced with two options and picks the one which is good and leaves the other which is not good.However, whether this man stay with his mother or goes to fight for a cause, he is choosing between two goods and therefore is not making a moral decision. Sartre also looks at the idea that existentialism leaves you uncertain and that all moral decisions operate with a degree of uncertainty. This, to an extent, is true, and it is not wise to base decisions on certainty of the future. However, there are actions that are possible, and should be, taken based on their consequences. For example, the question of whether one should push another individual off an enormous cliff seems very certain.I t is true that life is uncertain, but there is quite a high chance that that individual, if pushed off the cliff, will fall and die. The immediate and certain consequences seen in life are not mentioned and are ignored in Sartres moral system of existentialism, and therefore is not enough to make this claim. Sartre focuses on this idea that freedom is what makes existentialism a moral philosophy, however, true morality limits freedom, and there is so much more to morality than what Sartre mentions. b.Ivan Ilytch and Meursault both experience an epiphany at the end of their lives, and therefore die as intellectual men. Both men lived selfish lives, unaware of what life truly was about. They both lived under an idea of what they thought was the right way to live, with Ivan attempting to live a usual life, fitting into society, and Meursault living a life in effort to embody the universe. Both of these life styles were structured and allowed the men to just follow guidelines which th ey believed was the right thing to do.However, this was selfish as it led to them ignoring the rest of the world, such as their families and other aspects of true happiness. Meursault went through life seeing it as meaningless and therefore claims he believes in nothing. However, the fact that he in so deeply devoted to this meaningless shows that he believes in this meaninglessness. This becomes clear when Meursault is talking to the priest and realizes that his uncertainty was just as strong as the priests certainty about everything, and when he says that the priest was living like a dead man he realizes that it was really him who was doing such a thing.Meursault comes to terms with the fact the he so deeply believes that nothing matters and life is meaningless, and in doing so he looses his temper and becomes emotional and passionate about something for once in his life. This same insight about realizing that life is not so structured and that it is about existing and having fulf illment is seen in Ivan when, as he is laying on his death bed, he becomes aware that there is no goal in life.He spent his whole life chasing something, but in the end realizes that this is not what life is about, as he already had things in his life that could have given him fulfillment, such as his family. As he looks at his son and is overcome by this realization, he is finally happy. Meursault also was pursing something in life, that of embodying the universe, but he too sees that this is not what life is about. Soon before he dies, he really sees the world for the first time in his life, the smells and sounds that it holds, and is happy. He even thinks about his mother and shows a side, lacking selfishness, that he had never shown before.With this thoughtfulness, as well as recognizing that nothing matters and there is no meaning, he finally gives himself the fulfillment that life is truly about and feels happiness. c. In Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot (1953), two men wait for an authoritative figure to appear and convey a message, telling them what to do and what to live for. This is a constant part of society, where humans continue waiting and spend their entire lives hoping the universe will tell them something. The play symbolizes this human waiting and longing for something more in many ways throughout it.Estragon cannot take his shoes off, symbolizing that he is stuck on earth and nothing can be done as he cannot escape. Vladimir looks at his hat, as if to find something in it that tells him something or gives some sort of sign, but finds nothing and continues to gaze at the horizon, which holds hope and something more than this life theyre stuck in. However, as trapped and suffering as they are, as they even considered suicide, they do not give up hope. In fact, they decide against suicide because they must wait for Godot to come and see what he offers, and then they will decide what to do from there.Vladimir and Estragon cannot stop their wa nting to live as they want to live for something, so they are hoping that Godot will give them something to live for, even though he already is just from the hope that he might come. They have lost track of time and are unsettled of whether they were here yesterday, as waiting tends to make people lose track of time since it is just what humans do and is inherent in our human condition. In metaphysical time, it is always just now, and waiting is eternal. When two new characters enter the scene, Pozzo and Lucky, the main characters become puzzled.Lucky, who is seemingly not so lucky, carries Pozzos bags for him, but he never puts them down, and he obeys Pozzos every command. Vladimir and Estragon wonder why this is, and why Lucky even puts up with Pozzo. Lucky, however, is not much different from Vladimir and Estragon, as he just seeks authority. He wants this enslavement, where he is told what to do and think and how to live. Vladimir and Estragon have their own symbolic bags that they too refuse to put down, as seen through their choice to continue to wait for Godot, with no one telling them they must wait but it being their own decision to do so and continue to do so.When Vladimir and Estragon find themselves worried that Pozzo wants to get rid of Lucky and leave him behind, it symbolizes that they too are worried of being left behind by Godot. This constant desire for authority is something seen in this play as well as in society, as humans are very frightful of being alone or without someone to tell them what to do or how to live. Though Vladimir and Estragons decision to wait is questionable, it does however give them something to do and comes from a command from authority.As mentioned before, though Godot isnt there, Godot is still ruling over them and gives them the authority that is so desperately sought for. This enslavement to Godot seen in Vladimir and Estragon is actually rather admirable, as it shows their devotion and commitment. The patience se en in their servitude conveys their faith and religious spirit. It brings them hope and a sort of comfort to continue this faith and commitment. When the boy comes the second time to deliver Godots message, Vladimir seems to know that the same thing happened yesterday, and that it will continue to happen, but he still continues to wait.The boy does not tell Vladimir that he will convey his message to Godot and does not give Vladimir his desired recognition that this is real, and Godot has not shown up, yet Vladimir and Estragon still continues to wait and do not lose hope. This idea that they are not just existing as humans but are devoting themselves to this higher authority shows that their existential journey leads beyond existentialism, as they continue to wait by choice but are being controlled by the idea of something more.

Global Warming And Its Many Ramifications Essay

The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (U. S. EPA) supports all ordinances involving environmental protection and the abatement of natural resources degradation. These laws fetch to restrict people from abusing the environment and destroying the natural habitats of numerous species. The CATO base in Washington believes that the organisation is not doing enough in terms of environmental protection. The institute emphasizes that g everywherenment intervention needs to exert more effort in pursuing environmental preservation.The goernment is natural in pursuing this goal since this endeavor requires a huge sum of money of monetary and human resources and whitethorn not be achieved by a small number of people only (439-440). With the state continually increasing, natural resources ar quickly dwindling, and with the loss of natural habitat, the flora and fauna also perish. Currently, the g overnment pursues strategies that aim to protect the plants and animals affected by heigh tened human development. Better laws and ordinances need to be passed for the government to effectively hold open the ecosystem.If not, the world risks the possibility of gentleman satisfying only their own needs and satisfaction, with proscribed thinking of the long-term personal effects of development (U. S. EPA) Crucial Environmental Issues The emergence of numerous environmental issues, including the extinction of several plants and animals as vigorous as changes in put up patterns, lay downd the government to implement restrictions on the activities of man affecting the environment. However, despite the efforts on the part of the government, environmental problems still occur. According to the U.S. EPA, fragmented tactics be not expected to be effective in protecting the environment as only the obvious problems are being undertaken, small-arm the complex and less obvious environmental issues still remain. The U. S. EPA believes that it is pregnant for the government to change the wakelesss of environmental policies. More restrictions need to be incorporated whe neer development is envisioned. This is because with the current rate of development, plants and animals are in jeopardy of not continuing to live in their natural habitats.Population explosion depletes the natural resources, which include plants and animals, which humans consume for their survival. In addition, human settlements also destroy the natural habitats of numerous species. Howard M. Singletary, Director of Plant assiduity of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture, believes that biological smorgasbord is essential in environmental protection (Evaluate the Social). Conserving biological diversity involves the protection of the entire ecosystem.Humans may see themselves as important or more important than the plants and animals that get destroyed as a result of increased cosmos, but it should be noted that the environmental issues that man is facing at the present time a re due to the absence of preventive planning. The short-run economic and monetary gains concord frequently been treated as more important than the ecosystem. Yet, the destruction of plants and animals as well as their habitat contribute much(prenominal) in orbiculate warming and extreme weather situations. (Evaluate the Social). Humanity needs to see the impact of overdevelopment.People also need to realize that they need to place and sacrifice certain conveniences and luxuries in order to achieve long-term environmental goals. The scientific lodge and several advocacy groups are supporting government efforts to preserve the environment. The global movement is for the greater practiced and is based on the fact the earth and everything in it is not owned by a virtuoso individual, group or corporation. The scale of the human economy is now such that the wilderness areas that sustain much of the worlds stay biological diversity are shrinking fast.The rates of wildlife habitat p utsch and of species extinctions are the fastest they have ever been in recorded history, and they are accelerating. Tropical forests, the worlds richest species habitats, have already been 55 part destroyed, and the current rate exceeds 168,000 square kilometers per year. (Evaluate the Social). Stabilizing creations Stabilizing population is more important in industrial countries than in developing countries, since the former overconsume and hence overpollute and are thereby responsible for the greatest increase in the impact of human activities on the already overtaxed environment.The richest 20 percent of the world consume over 70 percent of the worlds commercial energy. Thirteen countries have already reached a fertility rate required in order to achieve zero population growth, so it is not utopian to expect others to follow. The population growth-rate of developing countries of course must also be cut down dramatically. Their population is now 77 percent of the worlds total , and they are responsible for 90 percent of the worlds annual population growth. (Evaluate the Social).The poor must be helped and testament justifiably demand to reach at least minimally acceptable vitality standards by obtaining access to the remaining natural resource base. When industrial nations switch from input growth to qualitative development, more resources and environmental functions will be available for the poor in the South. Scientists observe that as the planet warms up, a great share of ice and snow near the poles will probably start to melt. That will expose racy tundra and dark seas. That will warm things up same painting a white roof black.The darker the terrain gets, the warmer those part of the world will get. More snow will melt there, making the terrain even hotter. All these explanations hold more than thirty pages of rather small print in the Philosophical Magazines, and every one of the calculations had to be solved by hand. To make a greenhouse fo recast, experts now build what amounts to a working scales fashion model of the Earth inside a supercomputer. They start with a blank globe, divided into a grid like the grid of latitude and longitude.Typically each box in the grid covers several hundred miles on a side. These boxes are stacked from the surface of the planet high into the atmosphere a dozen molds of gargantuan boxes of descent. Public concern over environmental policy was minimal until the end of the nineteenth century. As the fall in States expanded westward, the horizon seemed to present an unlimited supply of land, water, mineral deposits and timber. Farming techniques reflected little concern for minimizing primer coat depletion. Forests were cleared without concern for reforestation or the devastation of soil erosion.Minerals were mined and metals smelted without concern for their effects on fresh-water supplies when contamination did result, it seemed a minor problem, because alternative sources of wate r seemed endless. (Royan, 2001). Despite a history of preservation policies, fundamental concerns over environmental protection were still absent from the policy agenda as late as the 1950s. The publication of Silent Spring in 1962 drew attention to the dangers of pesticides such as DDT, in the nourishment image.The sense of social responsibility that emerged in the 1960s also moved environmental policy from the thorncloth to the forefront of the policy agenda. Energy made it to the headlines once again in the year 2000 a noble power crisis hit the state of California (Royan, 2001). Companies had accomplished once more that the horrors brought about by solemn energy problems over the past three decades had not gone a substance. The California electricity crisis could potentially sports fan out towards other states not only impact would it impact the profitability of a company, but could certainly put some out of business.As the new century fast approaches, the world has slo wly realized the synergy between energy conservation and global economic competitiveness. Energy conservation entails the elimination of wastes by means of the improvement of industrial facilities and processes. Energy conservation also implies environment preservation through pollution prevention, and mitigating the trends toward global warming. international competitiveness goes hand in hand with energy conservation, and many industrial firms from all over the world have realized that.Worldwide energy consumption in recent years has go on to escalate not only in developed countries but also in developing countries, in the beginning as a result of rapid industrialization and improvement in the standard of living. In a recent survey conducted by the Association of Energy Engineers, about 22 percent among those surveyed claimed to have debased accumulated costs by $5 jillion or more by implementing energy conservation strategies (Cornforth, 1992). The potential for additional s avings is still great. Thirty-six percent among those surveyed indicated that farther savings that amount to over 10 percent are possible.Thus, investment in protocols that promote energy conservation has proven to be effective in saving costs by reducing waste materials resulting from industrial processes. As the following century approaches, the economic world has gradually come to realize that energy conservation offers the most useful competitive advantage. Marked improvements in the efficiency of industrial processes or facilities to save fuel consumption reduce wastage. HiTAC has been a significant energy conservation development in recent years, and is now applied to industrial furnaces in many factories worldwide.A positive consequence of saving energy is minimizing greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming. Because of the increased efficiency in combustion using HiTAC, nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide-byproducts of incomplete burning, are reduced. Therefore, HiT AC saves on operational costs by making fuel consumption more in effect(p) and consequently, efficient fuel consumption minimizes waste products, among which are greenhouse gases that trigger global warming. (Hotel & Sarofim, 1967). Major Changes Taking speckle in the US Population and Projected Problems Due to the Climate ChangesThe US is said to have the highest population of the developed nations, and one of the highest population growth rates at one percent, equivalent to 2. 5 one million million million new Americans every year (Haub). Three national population trends that have been identified in a recent US census are changes in geographic distribution, changes in ethnic composition, and the effect of in-migration on population (Haub). With regard to the changing geographic distribution of the population, the population is said to be unsteady from the Northeast and Midwest to the South and West, both because of internal migration and immigration from other countries (Haub ).With regard to ethic composition, eyepatch ethnic minorities are said to comprise 25 percent of the population currently, that percentage will increase to 50 percent in 50 years, with Asians rising in numbers from 7. 1 to 40 million by 2050, and Hispanics rising in numbers to 90 million in 2050, constituting 22 percent of the population (Haub). Immigration, on the other hand, presently accounts for a third of the population increase yearly, and is expected to be a major contributor to population growth in the future (Haub).It naturally follows that the South and West will have to nap with the attendant problems of the shifting geographic distribution in its favor, while the change in ethnic composition can be predicted to contribute its own set of problems. Problems Causing the Decline in the Quality of Life in Cities, Possible Solutions It is said that more than a billion urban dwellers, out of a total of three billion, are located in slum areas, with half living in Asia (Whela n).This is indicative of the mammoth problems of governments with regard to the provision for food (Sustainable Development Networking Program), opportunities for employment, environmental degradation, sanitation, and general quality of living in cities. Another problem causing the decline in quality of life is said to be urban sprawl, whose effects range from over-congestion to pollution (Goodwin). In the US, the states that are the destination of internal and external migration and immigration in the ongoing shift in geographic distribution of the population that will have to deal with these issues.Proposed solutions include the revision of federal laws to limit immigration, the creation of boundaries that will redirect urban growth to places where urban services can be provided, and tighter control on allowable density and housing (Goodwin). There are many environmentalists like Senator Hillary who had been bold about her support on the dictatorial Courts Global Warming Decision . She states that the scientific consensus is that global warming poses a serious threat to human activities (Statement of Senator Hillary Clinton on the Supreme Court2007, par 1).She challenges President Bush to address this pressing global environmental threat as soon as possible. Issues on the Ozone In the discussions on the ozone hole, it is but apt to provide a plan explanation on what exactly is the ozone and how it is formed. The ozone, according to the meaning for Atmospheric Science, forms a shape in the stratosphere, thinnest in the tropics (around the equator) and denser towards the poles. More specifically, Ozone is a toxic, strong reactive compound consisting of three oxygen atoms (Francois).As explained by the Centre for Atmospheric Science, the ozone is formed when ultraviolet radioactivity coming from the sun, strikes the stratosphere, dissociating (or splitting) oxygen molecules to atomic oxygenthat quickly combines with further oxygen molecules to form ozone Mo re commonly, the ozone is known as the layer that protects human beings and other living things from the insidious rays of the sun, more specifically, the ultraviolet rays-shielding us from being stricken by skin cancer. This common conception of the ozone layer, which provides a good notion of what ozone is, is just one side of the coin.Scientists refer to this more commonly know ozone as the stratospheric ozone (Centre for Atmospheric Science). On the other side of the coin is the tropospheric or the ground level ozone, which is considered as a major health hazard, is a major constituent of photochemical smog (Centre for Atmospheric Science). It is referred to as a pollutant because of its being lethal if inhaled (Newman). Ozone Facts According to the National Resources Defense Council (NRDC), the story of the ozone hole has its roots from the chlorofluorocarbons or chlorofluorocarbons, a family of most commonly used industrial compounds.chlorofluorocarbons was invented by Thomas Midgley in 1928 which later on was called as a miracle compound due to its proven useful for mans convenience (NRDC). Since then, it was effectively used in refrigeration systems, air conditioners, aerosols, solvents and in the production of some types of forwarding (Francois). However, decades after the miracle compound was invented and used in many industries and households as effective refrigerants, it was found out that it had caused a serious damage to the environment, more particularly to the ozone layer.It took American scientists Mario Molina and Sherwood Rowland to prove that the miracle compound turned out to be damaging to the environment as they hypothesized in 1974 that CFCs possibly played an active government agency in the depletion of the ozone layer (NRDC). This announcement had sparked heated debates not just among scientists but also among policymakers, environmentalists and industry players on the whys and wherefores of ozone depletion (NRDC).It was explained by Newman that CFCs became harmful to the ozone because of its centiliter make-up and it turned out that CFCs are an excellent way of introducing centilitre into the ozone layer. This happens as the ultraviolet radiation coming from the sun strikes CFCs that go up into the altitude of the ozone layer, this UV radiation breaks down CFCs and frees chlorine (Newman). After chlorine has been freed, this has the potential to destroy large amount of ozone (Newman). Francois also provides association of the thinning of the ozone layer to the introduction of large amount of chlorine in the atmosphere through the use of CFCs.The Centre for Atmospheric Science stated that Evidence that human activities affect the ozone layer has been building up over the last 20 years, ever since scientists first suggested that the release of CFCs into the atmosphere could reduce the amount of ozone over our heads. But prior to the hole being discovered, the negative effects of the CFCs were never taken s eriously by the majority of the people as they were not convinced on the connection between CFCs and the depletion of the ozone layer (NRDC).In 1985, a major discovery had brought great warning signal to the whole world as it was discovered by Joseph Farman and his colleagues that there was a hole in the ozone layer (Newman b). In fact, the severity of the discovered ozone depletion made the English scientist in the Halley Bay station in Antarctica, who discovered the hole, to think that the equipment he used to measure the extent of the hole was broken (NRDC). He sent the equipment back to England to have the equipment repaired but when he tried to measure the depletion again, his initial finding that the ozone layer had been depleted was substantiate (Francois).Another theoretical attempt, which later on was proven to be correct, was the recipe of the ozone loss as summarized by the Centre for Atmospheric Science as follows The frozen winter leads to the formation of the polar vortex which isolates the air deep down it. Cold temperatures form inside the vortex cold enough for the formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs). As the vortex air is isolated, the cold temperatures and the PSCs persist. Once the PSCs form, heterogeneous reactions take place and convert the inactive chlorine and bromine reservoirs to more active forms of chlorine and bromine. No ozone loss occurs until sunlight returns to the air inside the polar vortex and allows the production of active chlorine and initiates the catalytic ozone destruction cycles. Ozone loss is rapid. The ozone hole currently covers a geographic region a little bigger than Antarctica and extends nearly 10km in altitude in the discredit stratosphere. Basically, the preceding enumeration of the recipe of the ozone loss is similar to the Heterogeneous Chemistry Theory that proposed chemical reactions occurring within the ozone layer.This also explains why the hole is over Antarctica and not over the oth er continents. The atmospheric conditions prevailing in Antarctica, which is its having ultra cold temperature, suits the chemical reactions that take place resulting to ozone depletion. Consequences of Depleted Ozone The most common knowledge as to the adverse effects of the depletion of the ozone layer is that it increases the penetration of the ultraviolet radiation resulting to more skin cancer.As Francois puts it, When this tutelary layer is reduced, it has dramatic consequences on life such as slower photosynthesis among plants as increased radiation results to less metabolism destruction of micro-organisms which play a vital role in the food chain and, the increase in cases of skin cancer. Basically, the depletion of the ozone layer can result to an enormous change in the ecologic balance. It is a universal fact, based on the studies and researches that have been made, that a little tip in the bionomic balance could result to a mammoth change in our environment that could a dversely affect the way people live.The slight increase in temperature can cause destructive floods to countries surrounded by oceans. In the case of the increase in the ozone hole, it can results to unfavorable changes in our environment starting from the destruction of micro-organisms and the unbalance that it causes to the metabolism of plants responsible to changes in photosynthesis. These changes may not be visible in the present time, which makes many people complacent and insensitive as to their roles in the protection of the ozone layer, but catastrophic results can be felt in the near future.

Motivational Methods Paper Essay

Every film director in an arrangement moldiness develop the necessary skill of motivation, and apply it to their mental faculty in order to kick the bucket more efficiently. This ability is a key role for each department and it is of utmost importance that it be use in a manner that is both beneficial to the organization and staff as well. Each staff member has a role to play in accomplishing goals and it is the duty of the managers to facilitate and motivate their staff. This paper volition address three motivational methods to motivate staff for upcoming changes for the organization. Motivation thunder mug be specify as Forces within individuals that account for the level, direction, and persistence of effort they expend at work. (Lombardi, Schermerhorn, 2007). Individuals who possess a unanimous work ethic and integrity allow put 110 percent into their business sector, those who do not will do just enough to slide by and stay under the radar. Managers must motivate and exhilarate staff to continue to render that 110 percent while receiving acknowledgment and respect. In other dustup Motivation is getting lot to do what you want them to do because THEY WANT to do it.The challenge is to give them a reason to want to do it because doing it will satisfy a guide they have. You have to line of descent in to their involve, motives and reasons, not yours. (Saleem, 2007). Upon learning that upper management is going to implement changes within the organization a manager is tasked with identifying what makes their staff motivated, what makes them perform at peak levels? What does the staff need? Needs be unfulfilled physiological or psychological desires of an individual. (Lombardi, Schermerhorn, 2007). Each individual will have different needs however it is possible to identify what the team needs by simply asking them. One whitethorn think that by developing a list of needs and instructing each member to put them in order of priority it is possib le to get an accurate picture of whereto start with the team and how to introduce the up-coming changes in a manner that will motivate the team to accept these in a positive and maestro manner. However, A contract, published in 1999 by Kenneth Kovach of George Mason University, compared associates ranking of what they wanted from their jobs with what their bosses thought was important to the associates. The results of the study were nearlywhat surprising.At the top of the associates list was interesting work, followed by appreciation of work, a stamp of cosmos in on things, job security, and good wages. Employers thought good wages, job security, promotion/growth, good workings conditions, and interesting work were most important to their staff. (Bessel, 2012). The key here is to listen to the responses from the staff when asked what is important to them, and thusly we can identify their motivation. One motivation theory is the Two-Factor Theory, developed by Frederick Herzbe rg, (Lombardi, Schermerhorn, 2007), which identified that what really do the 4,000 respondents he questioned, enjoy their jobs were factors which related to the job itself, he labeled this satisfier factors. These are items such as feeling pride and a sense of achievement, recognition, and room for advancement. As it turned out, things relating to the setting of the job were what they enjoyed least round the job, he labeled this hygiene factors. These are items such as work environment and conditions, inter face-to-face relations, policies, graphic symbol of supervision, and salary.These negative factors can be remedied with improving policies to enable staff to feel more satisfied in their environment, such as adding soothing environmental sounds, music, or providing chair message for example can do create a less chaotic work environment and positive hygiene factors. However, in employ this method it is also important to be conscious that the two-factor theory is a complement ary theory, improving the hygiene is also along with improving the satisfier factors as well. Common sense means that one follows with the other, recognition must also come along with environmental motivation. A second motivation theory is Acquired Needs Theory, from David McClelland, which is base on the needs of individuals. He identified three needs first, the need for achievement as a desire to go above and beyond the norm of what is expected. Then second is the need for power, which could include contain over others, or to be able to provide influence and responsibility over them. The third is the need for affiliation whichis a desire to have friendly and warm friendships with others. (Lombardi, Schermerhorn, 2007).These are all needs that people acquire over time of life experiences and a savvy manager will create a work place that is responsive to these needs. The manager must allow these staff members to takes risks and challenges and encourage their ability to work with l ittle supervision. Delegating higher responsibilities to these individuals creates security for the team and enables the manager to respond to other concerns that normally they may not be able to give the proper attention to. The third method of motivation is motive through job design. Utilizing the two previous methods of motivation based on the needs of staff, a manager can then create jobs by assigning the required tasks to those individuals who are appropriate to accomplish job performance and job satisfaction for themselves as well as the organization.To make the prospective changes the organization is anticipating it is inseparable that the managers utilize their skills to tailor job design (Lombardi, Schermerhorn, 2007), to fit the strengths of staff with their own special(prenominal) qualities and needs, this includes four specific areas, one, job simplification identifying work processes and tasks for staff to work in clearly defined and specialized tasks. Managers can utilize lesser skilled staff to perform duties of lesser complexity, allowing others with higher skill levels to focus on areas of greater need. Job rotation allows the manager to create flexibility and understanding of other areas, creating a repair relationship and moral between departments. Job enlargement integrates or combines tasks previously done by take off workers, this is an option that a manager should do with caution because it could have an opposite reaction to the motivation they are trying to create.The final alternative in job design is job enrichment which is essentially delegating some of the responsibilities of the manager to another individual creating a broader scope to their current position and allowing the manager to take on other responsibilities they may have had a hard time giving the appropriate time to. By focusing on these three types of motivational methods I intend to accomplish introducing the staff and motivating them into the future of the organi zation while taking into consideration their needs and skill levels to better serve them and the organization. Through personal experience, being motivated to provide superior service and customer satisfaction in the health tutelageindustry, individuals who are appreciated, recognized, and offered more responsibility will work hard to meet deadlines and provide excellent forbearing care. This is a win-win situation for any health care organization and management team.ReferencesBessel, I. (2012). Understanding Motivation An impressive Tool for Managers. Retrieved from http//edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hr017 Kovach, Kenneth. (1999). Employee motivation Addressing a crucial factor in your organizations performance. Human preference Development. Ann Arbor, MI University of Michigan Press. Lombardi, D.M., & Schermerhorn, J.R. (2007). Health care management Tools and techniques for managing in a health care environment. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons. Saleem, H. (2007). Motivating your staff. Re trieved from http//www.dirjournal.com/guides/motivating-your-staff/