Essay about A Brief History of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism was first presented in 1943 by Leo Kanner when he was conducting a several children study; he later described the children as having withdrawn behaviour. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s the suitable treatments used in behavioural therapy were focused on medications such as LSD and electrical shock as a form of pain and punishment (WebMD Medical Reference, 2014). Tens of millions of people have been diagnosed with Autism worldwide, effecting both genders, all races, ethnicities and people from all socioeconomic classes. In 2010 a Surveillance Summary was conducted in the United States, where it identified that one in 68 children are diagnosed with Autism (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). It has been recognised†¦show more content†¦Signs of Autism are initially presented in the first 18 months, however 24-40% of cases regress between 18-24 months of age. The characteristics found among ASD are behavioural, social interaction and communication; overall these are commonly noted by a majority of people, yet not necessarily by all. To maintain a certainty and predictability of behaviours exhibited, it is recommended to stick to a routine and spend time in their repetitive behaviours. Other behaviours which are commonly presented are unusually intense or focused interests, repetitive stereotyped body movements, and the repetitive use of objects, insisting on sticking to routines, unusual sensory interests, sensory sensitivities and intellectual impairment or learning difficulties. People with Autism are presented with difficulties with social interactions, in particular, establishing and maintaining relationships. There is a lack of responsiveness to non-verbal forms of communications, like facial expressions, physical gestures and eye contact. Often, they are unable to fully express needs due to being unable to interpret and understand others needs. These lack of social interactions effect their ability to share others interests and activities, which gives the appearance that they are socially distant. The cause of their inability to understand non-verbal forms of communication which causes them to become withdrawn socially; is due to a delay in speech. Ways in whichShow MoreRelatedThe Causes Of Childhood Autism1414 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"possible causes of childhood autism.† For example, one is because my little brother is in the process of being diagnosed with autism. Autism can mean a number of things. When people talk about autism, it can either mean autism spectrum disorder, which is a category of disorders, or classical autism ASD includes classical autism. So ASD and autism may be two different things. Autism is known as a complex developmental disability. ASD stands for Autism Spectrum Disorder and can sometimes be referredRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) And Autism1544 Words   |  7 PagesAUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER â€Å"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism are both general terms for a group of complex disorders of brain development.† Those with autism may have a number of difficulties such as in social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors. It is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with impairments that have lifelong consequences. This paper will discuss how it is found in people, what the effects are, the levels of autism, and how you can helpRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) And Autism1569 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism are both general terms for a group of complex disorders of brain development.† Those with autism may have a number of developmental difficulties such as problems with social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors. It is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with impairments that have lifelong consequences. This paper will discuss how it is found in people, what the effects are, the levels of autism, and how you can helpRead MoreAutism s Point Of View On Autism1448 Words   |  6 PagesAwesomeness Spectrum Disorder A 14-year old’s point of view on Autism Contents A Brief Description of Autism Stereotypes 101 My Life in Words Thinking in Pictures I’m Not Stupid...Am I? What I’m Capable of vs. What I do Of Pills and Doctors Socially Impaired Relationships With People Becoming Who I am Goals Autism Facts Famous Autistics About Me î ¿ ¾ A Brief Description of Autism Autism Spectrum Disorder. ASD. Autism. When people hear any of these, it’s either â€Å"avoid that person at all costs†Read MoreChoosing The Joey s History, One Of The Possible Diagnoses Is Adhd For Joey786 Words   |  4 PagesConsidering the Joey’s history, one of the possible diagnoses is ADHD for Joey. Joey’s hyperactive and inattentive behavioral pattern impairs his social and academic activities. However, Joey’s presenting symptoms do not meet full ADHD criteria. Based on the current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2012), he meets following criteria of ADHD. 1-Inattention (Six or more symptoms have to be met, bur Joey meets followingRead MoreEssay on Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Does the Diagnosis Mean?1630 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"What does Today’s diagnosis of Autism mean?† December 6, 2011 Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a topic that is not addressed the way it should be. Many people have heard the work autism, but could not define it if asked. Two essays I recently came across, â€Å"Joey: A ‘Mechanical Boy’† written by Bruno Bettelheim and â€Å"Thinking in Pictures†, written by Temple Grandin, share the common topic at hand, autism. Both essays talk about the struggles autism brings to not only the one diagnosedRead MoreVaccinations : Harmful Or Helpful?1288 Words   |  6 Pagesdiseases as polio, measles and mumps. The parents who refuse to vaccinate their children are doing so out of fear that their child may develop autism. There has been unlimited amounts of research performed which show there is no link between vaccinations and autism. Researchers have found there may be a genetic link to autism. Vaccinations have a history as far back as ancient Greece. Doctors then were beginning to realize that getting infected with a virus would later help prevent becoming reinfectedRead MoreThe Use Of Thimerosal And Its Effects On The World Health Organization1311 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom parents and health administrations were raised on the theory that vaccinating children under the age of two would cause autism. By 2001, thimerosal was taken out of all childhood vaccines in the United States, with the exception of various flu vaccines, in regard to these concerns and merely as a safety precaution. However, there has proven to be no link between autism and vaccines containing thimerosal through various scientific studies by officials. In order to comprehend why there are certainRead MoreAsperger’s Syndrome: Madness, Savantism, or Genius2985 Words   |  12 Pageshigh functioning autism called Asperger’s syndrome, and they might not have known it until recently. Asperger’s syndrome is â€Å"a neurological pervasive developmental disorder that is characterized by deficiencies in social and communication skills† (Myers, 2012). Research into Asperger’s syndrome suggests a tremendous interest in a link between genius and Asperger’s. Theories are flying about Albert Einstein and Isaac Newton, as well as modern day geniuses, having this disorder. The purpose of thisRead MoreSpecial Education vs Inclusive Education887 Words   |  4 Pagesbefore their inclusion into the mainstream. He states, â€Å"Autistic learning is of a disconnected kind and therefore pupils with autism need to be shown what connections are as well as what the specific connections are within the particular learning experience with which they are engaged.† (Powell, 2000) He explains that using visual cues will help students with autism make these specific connections. Clearly, in order to put Powell’s suggestions in use in a mainstream school, the provision of resources

My First Day Of The Internship I Was Changed The Standards...

Journal 1 The first day of the internship I was introduced to the Standards of Procedures enforced at PDGX. The entire day was devoted to the global SOP training which involved reading, presentations by respective staff and quizzes. I am now HIPPA Certified! I also attended other â€Å"scientist† specific sessions and got to know the people who were hired in the month of January. Overall, this day was devoted to documentation. Journal 2 The second session of this internship introduced me to the concept of stock valuation. Here I was assigned my first project to verify, amend and update records concerning stock options. I was also taught the concept behind stock reevaluation and its advantages before a company decides to go public. I was also introduced to methods and formulas used to track stock vesting periods. Journal 3 On the third visit, I had a briefing on the P/L project which involved restructuring the accounts to better project profitability. This reminded me of ABC as we were essentially reclassifying everything to identify cost drivers. Here I had an opportunity to work with one of the project managers. We worked on developing database elements and piloting them in excel. The most I got from this experience was the insight into the services provided by PGDX. I also got to be introduced to names of reagents sequencing activities which ultimately allowed me to grasp the fundamental process associated with the services provided by PGDX. Additionally, I am now aware

Advantages That Multinations Have Over Domestically Focused Companies Free Essays

In this age of globalization, companies are seeking to expand businesses across borders and consequently there are more and more multinational companies. A multinational corporation is one that is based in one country while maintaining manufacturing facilities or operations offices in other countries and markets its products or services on an international basis. A multinational corporation is able to take advantage of special economically advantageous opportunities that exist in the countries where it operates, such as a low labor cost or favorable rate of currency exchange. We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages That Multinations Have Over Domestically Focused Companies or any similar topic only for you Order Now They also enjoy access to a diversified workforce that gives them greater creative competitive edge. The reasons why companies seek to expand across borders are: to open new markets or to hold onto existing ones; to avoid tariffs or other trade restrictions; to tap new sources of raw materials and agricultural production; and to take advantage of cheap foreign labor. The most significant aspect of multinational corporations is that they enjoy major tax and investment advantages. Tax Advantages: Business taxation varies from country to country. While there are high tax countries like the United States, Great Britain and the People’s Republic of China (PRC), there are low tax countries like Belize, the Cayman Islands and the Bahamas. A multinational corporation can pick its tax jurisdiction and thus limit its tax obligations. Doing so translates instantly into greater profits. On the contrary, any domestic company will be subject to taxation on its profits in that country and there is no question of choice (Kate, 2006). Lowering Taxes: Most multinational corporations look for tax holidays when seeking a foreign base for their manufacturing plant. However the tax holiday offer is meaningless in the US and Singapore as companies in these places companies are taxed on their global income. Multinational companies enjoy the advantage of having the choice to get the best combination of location, labor market, and government corporate benefits. Funding opportunities: Multinational corporations have regular access to funding opportunities unavailable to domestic companies. The money provided by the government in return for creating jobs reduces the multinational corporation’s overhead, diminishes business risk and increases profits. It has been found that any company with an established export market outside of the manufacturing country’s domestic market can recover most – almost 50-75% – of the expenditure in setting up a new plant. This is mainly because of the support of the government (Kate, 2006). Tariffs Can Be Circumvented: Multinational corporations can dodge tariffs by proper planning. If a MNC wants instant free trade access to both the EU and the USA, it will start manufacturing in Israel. If there is a low-tech product that needs free trade access to the EU, it is best to make it in Senegal, since they have a free trade agreement with France. The list of bypasses around tariffs is long and grows as NAFTA and the EU expand (Kate, 2006). Accounting advantages: Multinational pooling arrangement is an agreement between the head office of a multinational company and an insurance network, which allows – at an accounting stage – the consolidation of the worldwide experience. This network allows: better management of the worldwide risk and improved reporting; up-front local savings due to economies of scale and potential international dividends; improved local terms conditions due to network leverage; easier transfer of employees within the entity and reinsurance protection against individual peaks or catastrophic events (DF, 2006). Advantage of Transfer Pricing: When one part of a multinational organization in one country transfers goods, services or know-how to another part in another country, the price charged for these goods or services is called ‘transfer price’. This may be a purely arbitrary figure, meaning by this that it may be unrelated to costs incurred, may be unrelated to operations carried out or to added value. The transfer price can be set at a level which reduces or even cancels out the total tax which has to be paid by the multinational. In other words it is possible for a multinational company to minimize its liability for corporation tax by transfer pricing (Davidmann, 2006). According to the US law, multinational corporations, whether American- or foreign-owned, are supposed to pay taxes on the profits they earn in the United States. However, in reality, foreign-owned corporations doing business in the United States, typically pay far less in U. S. income taxes than domestic companies. Even U. S. -owned multinationals utilize such tax evasion loopholes. Companies try to set their â€Å"transfer prices† to shift income away from the United States and shift deductible expenses into the United States (CTJ, 2006). Asset Protection: Multinational companies often use offshore centers to restructure their ownership of assets. Through trusts, foundations or through an existing corporation company wealth ownership can be transferred from people to other legal entities. Many companies which are concerned about lawsuits or lenders foreclosing on outstanding debts choose to transfer a portion of their assets to an entity that holds it outside of their home country. By making these ownership transfers, these companies can escape seizure or other domestic troubles (Investopedia, 2006) . Confidentiality: Many offshore jurisdictions offer multinational companies the added advantage of secrecy legislation. These countries have enacted laws establishing strict corporate and banking confidentiality. If this confidentiality is breached, there are serious consequences for the offending party. An example of a breach of banking confidentiality is divulging customer identities; disclosing shareholders is a breach of corporate confidentiality in some jurisdictions. To a multinational company, this secrecy of personal information can offer significant financial and legal advantage. Because nations are not required to accept the laws of a foreign government, offshore jurisdictions are, in most cases, immune to the laws that may apply where the investing company resides (Investopedia, 2006). Diversification of Businesses: Domestic companies have to follow local government regulations that restrict its international investment opportunities. Multinational companies have unlimited access to international markets and to all major exchanges. There are also many opportunities in developing nations, especially in those that are beginning to privatize sectors that were formerly under government control. Conclusion: Thus we find that multinational companies enjoy many advantages compared to local domestic companies. How to cite Advantages That Multinations Have Over Domestically Focused Companies, Papers

Helen Adams Keller free essay sample

Tuscumbia, Alabama she was the first of two daughters born to Arthur H. Keller and Katherine Adams Keller. Keller wasnt born without sight and hearing and at 6 months old she was speaking. When she was only 18 months old Keller contracted brain fever producing a high body temperature. After a few days after the fever broke, her mother noticed she didnt react when the dinner bell was rung or when someone waved there hand in her face. She had lost both her sight and hearing. In her childhood she developed a limited ethod of communication with Martha Washington, the daughter of the family cook. But eventually Keller became wild and unruly; she would kick and scream when angry, and giggle when happy. In 1886 Kellers mother came across Charles Dickens, she read the education of another deaf and blind child, Laura Bridgman. Keller and her father went to Baltimore to see specialist Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Helen Adams Keller or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page J. Julian Chisolm. Chisolm recommended Alexander Graham Bell who was working with deaf children as well. He suggested the Perkins Institute where they found Anne Sullivan. March 1887 Sullivan came to the Keller home and immediately went to work. She started to teach Keller finger spelling and began with the word doll, to help her understand. Keller was curious then she was defiant, and refused to cooperate with Anne. Sullivan kept working, forcing Helen to learn and go through the lesson. Tantrums increased and Sullivan demanded that she be isolated with Keller so she could get her full attention. They moved into a cottage on the farm. She taught her the word water; she helped her make connections between the objects and the letters by taking her to the water pump and putting her hand under the spout. Keller spelled water into Sullivans hand she responded. Keller began going around to other objects learning their names, and by nightfall she had learned words. In 1890 Keller started speech classes at the Horace Mann School for the deaf. For 25 years she learned to speak so others could understand her. 896 she attended the Cambridge School for Young Ladies, a school for women. She became known publicly and met famous people such as Mark Twain who was impressed with her. Henry H. Rogerss friend with Mark Twain was so impressed he paid for her scholarship to attend Radcliff College. Keller had mastered several methods of communication such as touch-lip reading, Braille, peech, typing, and finger spelling. After college, Keller went to learn more about the world and how she could h elp improve others lives. Beginning and half of the 20th century Keller tackled social and political issues such as womens suffrage, pacifism and birth control. 191 5 she co-founded Helen Keller International to fight causes of blindness and malnutrition. She helped found the American Civil Liberties Union. In 1921 when the blind was established she had a national outlet for her efforts. She joined the Permanent Blind War Relief Fund to help the less fortunate. Soon after college she experienced public prejudice about her disabilities. Press had been overwhelmingly supportive of her and her courage and intelligence. Some criticized her, calling attention to her disabilities. 1936 Kellers teacher and devoted working secretary became Kellers companion after Sullivans death. Age 75, Keller went on the longest trip of her life: a 40,000-mile trip trek across Asia. She brought inspiration and encouragement to millions of people. In 1961 Keller suffered from a series of strokes, and spent the remainder of her life in her home in Connecticut. In her life time she had received doctoral degrees from the Temple University and Harvard University and from the universities of Glasgow, Scotland; Berlin, Germany; Delhi, India; and Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa. Keller died in her sleep on June 1, 1968, a few weeks before her 88th birthday. In her remarkable life, she stood as a wonderful example of how determination, hard work, and imagination can allow an individual triumph over adversity. Overcoming difficult conditions she grew a respected and world-renowned activist who labored for the betterment of others.